Porting guide

Implement low-level driver

Implementation of low-level driver is an essential part. It links middleware with actual hardware design of the device.

Its implementation must provide 4 functions:

  • To open/configure UART hardware

  • To set UART baudrate on the fly

  • To transmit/receive data over UART

  • To close/de-init UART hardware

After these functions have been implemented (check below for references), driver must link these functions to single driver structure of type lwow_ll_drv_t, later used during instance initialization.

Tip

Check Low-level driver for function prototypes.

Implement system functions

System functions are required only if operating system mode is enabled, with LWOW_CFG_OS.

Its implementation structure is not the same as for low-level driver, customer needs to implement fixed functions, with pre-defined name, starting with ow_sys_ name.

System function must only support OS mutex management and has to provide:

  • ow_sys_mutex_create() function to create new mutex

  • ow_sys_mutex_delete() function to delete existing mutex

  • ow_sys_mutex_wait() function to wait for mutex to be available

  • ow_sys_mutex_release() function to release (give) mutex back

Warning

Application must define LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE for mutex type. This shall be done in lwow_opts.h file.

Tip

Check System functions for function prototypes.

Example: Low-level driver for WIN32

Example code for low-level porting on WIN32 platform. It uses native Windows features to open COM port and read/write from/to it.

Actual implementation of low-level driver for WIN32
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/**
 * \file            lwow_ll_win32.c
 * \brief           UART implementation for WIN32
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2020 Tilen MAJERLE
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
 * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
 * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
 * subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * This file is part of LwOW - Lightweight onewire library.
 *
 * Author:          Tilen MAJERLE <tilen@majerle.eu>
 * Version:         v3.0.0
 */
#include <stdio.h>
#include "lwow/lwow.h"
#include "windows.h"

#if !__DOXYGEN__

/* Function prototypes */
static uint8_t init(void* arg);
static uint8_t deinit(void* arg);
static uint8_t set_baudrate(uint32_t baud, void* arg);
static uint8_t transmit_receive(const uint8_t* tx, uint8_t* rx, size_t len, void* arg);

/* Win 32 LL driver for OW */
const lwow_ll_drv_t
lwow_ll_drv_win32 = {
    .init = init,
    .deinit = deinit,
    .set_baudrate = set_baudrate,
    .tx_rx = transmit_receive,
};

static HANDLE com_port;
static DCB dcb = { 0 };

static uint8_t
init(void* arg) {
    dcb.DCBlength = sizeof(dcb);

    /* Open virtual file as read/write */
    com_port = CreateFile(L"\\\\.\\COM4",
                          GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
                          0,
                          0,
                          OPEN_EXISTING,
                          0,
                          NULL
                         );

    /* First read current values */
    if (GetCommState(com_port, &dcb)) {
        COMMTIMEOUTS timeouts;

        dcb.BaudRate = 115200;
        dcb.ByteSize = 8;
        dcb.Parity = NOPARITY;
        dcb.StopBits = ONESTOPBIT;

        /* Try to set com port data */
        if (!SetCommState(com_port, &dcb)) {
            printf("Cannot get COM port\r\n");
            return 0;
        }

        if (GetCommTimeouts(com_port, &timeouts)) {
            /* Set timeout to return immediatelly from ReadFile function */
            timeouts.ReadIntervalTimeout = MAXDWORD;
            timeouts.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = 0;
            timeouts.ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
            if (!SetCommTimeouts(com_port, &timeouts)) {
                printf("Cannot set COM PORT timeouts\r\n");
            }
            GetCommTimeouts(com_port, &timeouts);
        }
    } else {
        printf("Cannot get COM port info\r\n");
    }

    return 1;
}

uint8_t
deinit(void* arg) {
    /* Disable UART peripheral */

    return 1;
}

uint8_t
set_baudrate(uint32_t baud, void* arg) {
    /* Configure UART to selected baudrate */
    dcb.BaudRate = baud;

    /* Try to set com port data */
    if (!SetCommState(com_port, &dcb)) {
        printf("Cannot set COM port baudrate to %u bauds\r\n", (unsigned)baud);
        return 0;
    }

    return 1;
}

uint8_t
transmit_receive(const uint8_t* tx, uint8_t* rx, size_t len, void* arg) {
    /* Perform data exchange */
    size_t read = 0;
    DWORD br;

    if (com_port != NULL) {
        /*
         * Flush any data in RX buffer.
         * This helps to reset communication in case of on-the-fly device management
         * if one-or-more device(s) are added or removed.
         *
         * Any noise on UART level could start byte and put it to Win buffer,
         * preventing to read aligned data from it
         */
        PurgeComm(com_port, PURGE_RXCLEAR | PURGE_RXABORT);

        /* Write file and send data */
        WriteFile(com_port, tx, len, &br, NULL);
        FlushFileBuffers(com_port);

        /* Read same amount of data as sent previously (loopback) */
        do {
            if (ReadFile(com_port, rx, (DWORD)(len - read), &br, NULL)) {
                read += (size_t)br;
                rx += (size_t)br;
            }
        } while (read < len);
    }

    return 1;
}

#endif /* !__DOXYGEN__ */

Example: Low-level driver for STM32

Example code for low-level porting on STM32 platform.

Actual implementation of low-level driver for STM32
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/**
 * \file            lwow_ll_stm32.c
 * \brief           Generic UART implementation for STM32 MCUs
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2020 Tilen MAJERLE
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
 * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
 * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
 * subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * This file is part of LwOW - Lightweight onewire library.
 *
 * Author:          Tilen MAJERLE <tilen@majerle.eu>
 * Version:         v3.0.0
 */

/*
 * How it works
 *
 * https://docs.majerle.eu/projects/lwow/en/latest/user-manual/hw_connection.html#
 */
#include "lwow/lwow.h"

#if !__DOXYGEN__

static uint8_t init(void* arg);
static uint8_t deinit(void* arg);
static uint8_t set_baudrate(uint32_t baud, void* arg);
static uint8_t transmit_receive(const uint8_t* tx, uint8_t* rx, size_t len, void* arg);

/* STM32 LL driver for OW */
const lwow_ll_drv_t
lwow_ll_drv_stm32 = {
    .init = init,
    .deinit = deinit,
    .set_baudrate = set_baudrate,
    .tx_rx = transmit_receive,
};

static LL_USART_InitTypeDef
usart_init;

static uint8_t
init(void* arg) {
    LL_GPIO_InitTypeDef gpio_init;

    /* Peripheral clock enable */
    ONEWIRE_USART_CLK_EN;
    ONEWIRE_TX_PORT_CLK_EN;
    ONEWIRE_RX_PORT_CLK_EN;

    /* Configure GPIO pins */
    LL_GPIO_StructInit(&gpio_init);
    gpio_init.Mode = LL_GPIO_MODE_ALTERNATE;
    gpio_init.Speed = LL_GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_HIGH;
    gpio_init.OutputType = LL_GPIO_OUTPUT_OPENDRAIN;
    gpio_init.Pull = LL_GPIO_PULL_UP;

    /* TX pin */
    gpio_init.Alternate = ONEWIRE_TX_PIN_AF;
    gpio_init.Pin = ONEWIRE_TX_PIN;
    LL_GPIO_Init(ONEWIRE_TX_PORT, &gpio_init);

    /* RX pin */
    gpio_init.Alternate = ONEWIRE_RX_PIN_AF;
    gpio_init.Pin = ONEWIRE_RX_PIN;
    LL_GPIO_Init(ONEWIRE_RX_PORT, &gpio_init);

    /* Configure UART peripherals */
    LL_USART_DeInit(ONEWIRE_USART);
    LL_USART_StructInit(&usart_init);
    usart_init.BaudRate = 9600;
    usart_init.DataWidth = LL_USART_DATAWIDTH_8B;
    usart_init.StopBits = LL_USART_STOPBITS_1;
    usart_init.Parity = LL_USART_PARITY_NONE;
    usart_init.TransferDirection = LL_USART_DIRECTION_TX_RX;
    usart_init.HardwareFlowControl = LL_USART_HWCONTROL_NONE;
    usart_init.OverSampling = LL_USART_OVERSAMPLING_16;
    LL_USART_Init(ONEWIRE_USART, &usart_init);
    LL_USART_ConfigAsyncMode(ONEWIRE_USART);

    LWOW_UNUSED(arg);

    return 1;
}

static uint8_t
deinit(void* arg) {
    LL_USART_DeInit(ONEWIRE_USART);
    LWOW_UNUSED(arg);
    return 1;
}

static uint8_t
set_baudrate(uint32_t baud, void* arg) {
    usart_init.BaudRate = baud;
    LL_USART_Init(ONEWIRE_USART, &usart_init);
    LL_USART_ConfigAsyncMode(ONEWIRE_USART);
    LWOW_UNUSED(arg);

    return 1;
}

static uint8_t
transmit_receive(const uint8_t* tx, uint8_t* rx, size_t len, void* arg) {
    const uint8_t* t = tx;
    uint8_t* r = rx;

    /* Send byte with polling */
    LL_USART_Enable(ONEWIRE_USART);
    for (; len > 0; --len, ++t, ++r) {
        LL_USART_TransmitData8(ONEWIRE_USART, *t);
        while (!LL_USART_IsActiveFlag_TXE(ONEWIRE_USART));
        while (!LL_USART_IsActiveFlag_RXNE(ONEWIRE_USART));
        *r = LL_USART_ReceiveData8(ONEWIRE_USART);
    }
    while (!LL_USART_IsActiveFlag_TC(ONEWIRE_USART)) {}
    LL_USART_Disable(ONEWIRE_USART);
    LWOW_UNUSED(arg);
    return 1;
}

#endif /* !__DOXYGEN__ */

Example: System functions for WIN32

Actual implementation of system functions for WIN32
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/**
 * \file            lwow_sys_win32.c
 * \brief           System functions for WIN32
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2020 Tilen MAJERLE
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
 * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
 * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
 * subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * This file is part of LwOW - Lightweight onewire library.
 *
 * Author:          Tilen MAJERLE <tilen@majerle.eu>
 * Version:         v3.0.0
 */
#include "lwow/lwow.h"
#include "windows.h"

#if LWOW_CFG_OS && !__DOXYGEN__

uint8_t
lwow_sys_mutex_create(LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE* mutex, void* arg) {
    *mutex = CreateMutex(NULL, 0, NULL);
    return 1;
}

uint8_t
lwow_sys_mutex_delete(LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE* mutex, void* arg) {
    CloseHandle(*mutex);
    *mutex = NULL;
    return 1;
}

uint8_t
lwow_sys_mutex_wait(LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE* mutex, void* arg) {
    return WaitForSingleObject(*mutex, INFINITE) == WAIT_OBJECT_0;
}

uint8_t
lwow_sys_mutex_release(LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE* mutex, void* arg) {
    return ReleaseMutex(*mutex);
}

#endif /* LWOW_CFG_OS && !__DOXYGEN__ */

Example: System functions for CMSIS-OS

Actual implementation of system functions for CMSIS-OS
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/**
 * \file            lwow_sys_cmsis_os.c
 * \brief           System functions for CMSIS-OS based operating system
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2020 Tilen MAJERLE
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
 * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
 * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
 * subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * This file is part of LwOW - Lightweight onewire library.
 *
 * Author:          Tilen MAJERLE <tilen@majerle.eu>
 * Version:         v3.0.0
 */
#include "lwow/lwow.h"

#if LWOW_CFG_OS && !__DOXYGEN__

#include "cmsis_os.h"

uint8_t
lwow_sys_mutex_create(LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE* mutex, void* arg) {
    const osMutexAttr_t attr = {
        .attr_bits = osMutexRecursive
    };

    *mutex = osMutexNew(&attr);                 /* Create new mutex */
    LWOW_UNUSED(arg);
    return 1;
}

uint8_t
lwow_sys_mutex_delete(LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE* mutex, void* arg) {
    LWOW_UNUSED(arg);
    osMutexDelete(*mutex);                      /* Delete mutex */
    return 1;
}

uint8_t
lwow_sys_mutex_wait(LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE* mutex, void* arg) {
    if (osMutexAcquire(*mutex, osWaitForever) != osOK) {
        return 0;
    }
    LWOW_UNUSED(arg);
    return 1;
}

uint8_t
lwow_sys_mutex_release(LWOW_CFG_OS_MUTEX_HANDLE* mutex, void* arg) {
    if (osMutexRelease(*mutex) != osOK) {
        return 0;
    }
    LWOW_UNUSED(arg);
    return 1;
}

#endif /* LWOW_CFG_OS && !__DOXYGEN__ */

Low-Level driver for STM32 with STM32CubeMX

Specific low-level driver has been implemented for STM32 series of microcontrollers, to allow easy and simple link of LwOW library with projects generated with STM32CubeMX or STm32CubeIDE development tools.

Driver is based on HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) and it uses interrupt configuration to transmit/receive data. When customer starts a new project using CubeMX, it must:

  • Configure specific UART IP as async mode both directions

  • UART must have enabled global interrupts, to allow transmitting/receiving data using interrupts

  • Application must pass pointer to UART handle when calling ow_init function

Tip

Special example has been developed to demonstrate how can application use multiple OneWire instances on multiple UART ports at the same time. It uses custom argument to determine which UART handle shall be used for data transmit. Check /examples/stm32/ folder for actual implementation.

Actual implementation of low-level driver for STM32 with HAL drivers
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/**
 * \file            lwow_ll_stm32_hal.c
 * \brief           UART driver implementation for STM32 with HAL code
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2020 Tilen MAJERLE
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
 * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
 * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
 * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
 * subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * This file is part of LwOW - Lightweight onewire library.
 *
 * Author:          Tilen MAJERLE <tilen@majerle.eu>
 * Version:         v3.0.0
 */

/*
 * How it works (general)
 *
 * https://docs.majerle.eu/projects/lwow/en/latest/user-manual/hw_connection.html#
 *
 * This specific driver is optimized for proejcts generated by STM32CubeMX or STM32CubeIDE with HAL drivers
 * It can be used w/ or w/o operating system and it uses interrupts & polling for data receive and data transmit.
 *
 * Application must pass pointer to UART handle as argument to ow_init function in order
 * to link OW instance with actual UART hardware used for OW instance.
 *
 * To use this driver, application must:
 * - Enable interrupt in CubeMX to allow HAL_UART_Receive_IT functionality
 * - Use pointer to UART handle when initializing ow with ow_init
 */
#include "lwow/lwow.h"
#include "main.h"                               /* Generated normally by CubeMX */

#if !__DOXYGEN__

static uint8_t init(void* arg);
static uint8_t deinit(void* arg);
static uint8_t set_baudrate(uint32_t baud, void* arg);
static uint8_t transmit_receive(const uint8_t* tx, uint8_t* rx, size_t len, void* arg);

/* STM32 LL driver for OW */
const lwow_ll_drv_t
lwow_ll_drv_stm32_hal = {
    .init = init,
    .deinit = deinit,
    .set_baudrate = set_baudrate,
    .tx_rx = transmit_receive,
};

static uint8_t
init(void* arg) {
    UART_HandleTypeDef* huart = arg;

    LWOW_ASSERT0("arg != NULL", arg != NULL);

    /* Initialize UART */
    HAL_UART_DeInit(huart);
    return HAL_UART_Init(huart) == HAL_OK;
}

static uint8_t
deinit(void* arg) {
    UART_HandleTypeDef* huart = arg;

    LWOW_ASSERT0("arg != NULL", arg != NULL);

    return HAL_UART_DeInit(huart);
}

static uint8_t
set_baudrate(uint32_t baud, void* arg) {
    UART_HandleTypeDef* huart = arg;

    LWOW_ASSERT0("arg != NULL", arg != NULL);

    huart->Init.BaudRate = baud;
    return init(huart);
}

static uint8_t
transmit_receive(const uint8_t* tx, uint8_t* rx, size_t len, void* arg) {
    UART_HandleTypeDef* huart = arg;
    uint32_t start;

    LWOW_ASSERT0("arg != NULL", arg != NULL);

    /* Get current HAL tick */
    start = HAL_GetTick();

    /* Start RX in interrupt mode */
    HAL_UART_Receive_IT(huart, rx, len);

    /* Process TX in polling mode */
    HAL_UART_Transmit(huart, (void*)tx, len, 100);

    /* Wait RX to finish */
    while (huart->RxState != HAL_UART_STATE_READY) {
        if (HAL_GetTick() - start > 100) {
            return 0;
        }
    }

    return 1;
}

#endif /* !__DOXYGEN__ */